Association of distance to diagnosis and area-based social measures with stage at diagnosis among Iowans with HPV-related cancers
Abstract
Purpose
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes oral and anogenital cancers, the incidence of which is increasing. Late-stage diagnosis is associated with increased mortality. Neighborhood-level characteristics and distance to place of diagnosis may impact timely diagnosis. Being a largely rural state, Iowa presents a unique location to understand the association between distance, neighborhood characteristics, and stage at diagnosis.
Methods
Data from the Iowa Cancer Registry from 2010 to 2021 were used to identify adults with HPV-associated cancers (cervical, oropharyngeal, vulvar/vaginal, anal/rectal, and penile). Four area based social measures (ABSMs) were used to operationalize neighborhood characteristics: proportion of families living in poverty, proportion of households participating in food stamps, social vulnerability index, and environmental justice index. Distance was measured from the centroid of a person’s census tract to their treatment facility. For each cancer type, we ran four logistic regression models, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, to assess associations between distance and each of the ABSMs independently with our outcome, late stage diagnosis.
Results
Among those with cervical cancer, greater distance to diagnosis was associated with later stage at diagnosis, irrespective of ABSM controlled for. Among those with cervical cancer, greater environmental injustice was associated with later stage at diagnosis (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = [1.02,3.09]). Among those with vulvar/vaginal cancer, greater proportion of families in poverty was associated with earlier stage at diagnosis (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = [0.12, 0.78]). There were no interactions between ABSMs and distance to care.
Conclusions
It is important to consider ABSMs and distance to care when identifying those at-risk of late-stage diagnosis.