Carboxyl-PEG modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles as an ultrasensitive SERS substrate for multiplex detection of exogenous hormones related to endometrial cancer
Traditional surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technology often struggles to achieve high-precision discrimination in the simultaneous detection of multiple exogenous hormones due to complex spectral overlap and matrix interference, limiting its application in trace analyte analysis within complex matrices (e.g., biological samples). This study developed a SERS substrate based on carboxyl-terminal polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified iron oxide (Fe