Specialized metabolites of the United States lichen Niebla homalea and their antiproliferative activities
Three undescribed stictanes, nieblastictanes A-C, two flavicanes, nieblaflavicanes A and B, together with three already reported stictanes, along with the known compounds (+)-usnic acid, sekikaic acid, divaricatic acid, and divaricatinic acid methyl ester were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the western North American lichen Niebla homalea. The structures of the new and known compounds were established by spectroscopic methods including nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and electronic circular dichroism. Among the compounds isolated, usnic acid exhibited moderately potent antiproliferative activities against the A2780 ovarian (IC