Immunosensors for ovarian cancer detection
Ovarian cancer remains one of the most lethal gynecologic malignancies due to its asymptomatic onset and the lack of reliable early stage diagnostic tools. Immunosensor technologies have emerged as powerful platforms capable of detecting ovarian cancer-associated biomarkers with high sensitivity, specificity, and rapid turnaround times. Recent advances in nanomaterials, microfluidic integration, and signal amplification strategies have significantly enhanced the analytical performance of electrochemical, optical, and piezoelectric immunosensors. These innovations enable ultrasensitive quantification of key biomarkers such as CA 125, HE4, mesothelin, and emerging multi marker panels, supporting earlier detection and improved disease monitoring. Furthermore, the development of portable and point of care immunosensing devices offers promising avenues for decentralized screening and personalized clinical decision making. This review highlights the latest technological breakthroughs, design principles, and translational challenges in immunosensor based ovarian cancer diagnostics, emphasizing their potential to transform early detection and patient outcomes.