A Cost Consequence Analysis of Seven Diagnostic Strategies for Ovarian Cancer: A Model‐Based Economic Evaluation
ABSTRACT
Objective
To assess the costs and consequences of seven diagnostic strategies for ovarian cancer in pre‐ and post‐menopausal women with symptoms in secondary care.
Design
Economic evaluation alongside a prospective single‐arm diagnostic accuracy study.
Setting
NHS secondary care outpatients (2‐week referrals, clinics, GP referrals, cross‐specialty referrals) and inpatients (emergency presentations to secondary care).
Sample
Two cohorts of 857 pre‐menopausal and 1242 post‐menopausal women newly presenting to secondary care with symptoms of suspected ovarian cancer.
Methods
A model‐based cost‐consequence analysis (CCA) was conducted using a decision tree simulating patient pathways over 12 months. Diagnostic accuracy data were sourced from the ROCkeTS study and supplemented by literature.
Main Outcome Measures
Cancer deaths, correct diagnosis proportion, and diagnostic yield.
Results
No diagnostic strategy was optimal across all outcomes. Across both cohorts, the Risk of Malignancy Index (RMI) 200 was least expensive but had poor cancer death and diagnostic yield outcomes. The ADNEX 3% strategy had the highest diagnostic yield and lowest cancer mortality but was the most expensive. For pre‐menopausal women, the IOTA ADNEX 10% strategy outperformed ORADS, ROMA, and CA125 in cost and outcomes. For post‐menopausal women, the high cancer prevalence required a trade‐off. In sensitivity analysis, a two‐step IOTA ADNEX 10% strategy outperformed ORADS, ROMA, and CA125 across all three outcomes, making the strategy a more balanced choice in both cohorts.
Conclusion
At 12 months, no single diagnostic strategy was superior. Early diagnosis requires balancing cancer mortality, diagnostic yield, and cost. The IOTA ADNEX two‐step strategy at a 10% threshold provided the best trade‐off across these factors and is recommended for practice.