Psychosexual distress following routine primary human papillomavirus testing: a longitudinal evaluation within the English Cervical Screening Programme
Objective
To assess psychosexual distress over a 12‐month period among women receiving different human papillomavirus (HPV) and cytology results in the context of the English HPV primary screening pilot.
Design
Longitudinal, between‐group study.
Setting
Five sites in England where primary HPV testing was piloted.
Population
Women aged 24–65 years (n = 1133) who had taken part in the NHS Cervical Screening Programme.
Methods
Women were sent a postal questionnaire soon after receiving their screening results (baseline) and 6 and 12 months later. Data were analysed using linear regression models to compare psychosexual outcomes between groups receiving six possible combinations of HPV and cytology screening results, including a control group with normal cytology and no HPV test.
Main outcome measures
Psychosexual distress, assessed using six items from the Psychosocial Effects of Abnormal Pap Smears Questionnaire (PEAPS‐Q).
Results
At all time points, there was an association between screening result group and psychosexual distress (all P < 0.001). At baseline, mean psychosexual distress score (possible range: 1–5) was significantly higher among women with HPV and normal cytology (B = 1.15, 95% CI 0.96–1.34), HPV and abnormal cytology (B = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.78–1.27) and persistent HPV (B = 0.90, 95% CI 0.70–1.10) compared with the control group (all P < 0.001). At the 6 and 12 month follow ups the pattern of results were similar, but coefficients were smaller.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest receiving an HPV‐positive result can cause psychosexual distress, particularly in the short‐term. Developing interventions to minimise the psychosexual burden of testing HPV‐positive will be essential to avoid unnecessary harm to the millions of women taking part in cervical screening.
Tweetable abstract
Receiving an HPV‐positive result following primary HPV testing can cause psychosexual distress, particularly in the short‐term.