Acta Medica Academica

Updated Review on Pathology of Endocervical Adenocarcinoma with Emphasis on Clinically Relevant Findings

<p>In the present review, we summarize and critically appraise recent advances in the pathology of endocervical adenocarcinoma. In recent years, the diagnosis of endocervical adenocarcinoma has shifted from morphologic criteria classification in 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) to etiology- based classification of International endocervical adenocarcinoma criteria and classification (IECC). IECC recommends classifying endocervical adenocarcinoma into Human Papillomavirus (HPV)- associated and non-HPV-associated. Ultimately, this approach may lead to different treatment options based on molecular pathways rather than purely based on the tumor’s grade and stage. Recently, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) has incorporated stromal invasion patterns as an optional data set in the synoptic report. The pattern of invasion classification is a valuable prognostic tool in excision specimens. Conclusion: IECC is a simple classification system that recognizes and classifies endocervical tumors based on pathogenesis and association to HPV. The pathologists should also be familiar with the pattern-based classification of endocervical adenocarcinoma.</p>

HPV-Related Cancers in Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Comprehensive Review

This review assesses the burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH), aiming to inform strategies for prevention and early detection. Despite the availability of highly effective HPV vaccines and screening programs, HPV-related cancers remain a significant public health burden worldwide. We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed and GLOBOCAN to identify all available data on HPV prevalence/genotype and HPV-related malignancies in BH, in- cluding information on HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening. A comprehensive literature search revealed limited data on HPV prevalence and HPV-related cancers, as well as the absence of a national HPV vaccination or cervical cancer screening program in BH. In the largest study with available data from BH, HPV prevalence was 43% among women undergoing routine gynecologic exams. HPV-16 was identified as the most common cause of cervical cancer. The HPV prevalence was 50% in head and neck cancer, with HPV-18 being the most prevalent subtype. HPV was detected in 80% of patients with colorectal cancer, and HPV-16 was the most common subtype. Conclusions. HPV-related cancers, particularly cervical cancer, represent a signifi- cant public health problem in BH. Implementation of a national HPV vaccination program, along with organized cervical can- cer screening is essential to reduce HPV-related morbidity and mortality. Addressing systemic challenges, such as establishing a comprehensive cancer registry, is essential for effective HPV prevention and control. Raising public awareness about HPV infec- tion, its consequences, and the importance of prevention is essential for vaccine acceptance and promoting healthy behaviors. By investing in HPV prevention, BH can significantly improve the health and well-being of its population, particularly women.