V. Steenkamp

Advancing cervical cancer treatment: integrating cannabinoids, combination therapies and nanotechnology

Abstract Background Cervical cancer remains a major global health challenge, with the highest incidence and mortality rates observed in sub-Saharan Africa. Despite progress in prevention and treatment, the management of advanced and recurrent disease remains difficult. Aim This review explores the potential role of cannabinoids in cervical cancer therapy, with a focus on their integration into existing treatment strategies, combination therapies, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems. Methods A critical synthesis of preclinical studies and emerging therapeutic approaches was conducted, examining the anticancer properties of cannabinoids, their mechanisms of action, and their application within combination and nanotechnology-based treatment modalities. Results Cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrate anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and suppressing metastasis. Mechanistic studies highlight their ability to promote oxidative stress, modulate key signalling pathways, and influence immune responses in cervical cancer cells. Combination therapies involving cannabinoids with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy show enhanced efficacy and reduced drug resistance. Furthermore, nanotechnology-based delivery systems offer advantages including targeted drug release, improved solubility, controlled dosing, and decreased systemic toxicity. Conclusion Cannabinoids represent a promising adjunct in cervical cancer management. However, successful clinical translation requires optimisation of formulations, establishment of dosing protocols, and comprehensive safety evaluation. Future research should also explore biomarker-driven personalised medicine approaches. Standardisation, along with addressing regulatory and ethical challenges, will be crucial for the integration of cannabinoid-based therapies into mainstream cervical cancer treatment.