Lu Ji

Sociodemographic correlates of cervix, breast and oral cancer screening among Indian women

Introduction Cervix, breast and oral cancers account for about one-third of all cancers in India which as a group is a major contributor to all non-communicable disease-related morbidity and mortality among women. Existing evidence suggests that early diagnosis plays a pivotal role in the prevention and intervention of these cancers, and many community-based early screening and awareness programs have been in place in developed countries. Currently, there is not enough research evidence regarding the sociodemographic correlates of cervix, breast and oral cancer screening among Indian women. In the present study, we aimed to assess the self-reported percentage and sociodemographic factors associated with the use of these three types of cancer screening services among Indian women aged 15–49 years. Methods Data were collected from National Family Health Survey conducted during 2015–16. Sample population was 699,686 women aged 15–49 years. Associations between self-reported cervical, breast and oral cancer screening status and the associated sociodemographic factors were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression methods. Results The percentage of screening for cervical (21%), breast (8.95%), and oral cancers (13.45%) varied significantly across the population sub-groups. Higher age, urban residence, higher education, having employment, health insurance, use of electronic media, higher household wealth quintile, having healthcare autonomy, showed a positive effect on taking screening services. Further analyses revealed that the strength of the associations varied considerably between urban and rural residents, denoting the need for region-specific intervention strategies. Sex of household head, age, watching TV, using radio, and having health insurance were the most significant contributors to the outcome effects. Conclusions The present study provides important insights regarding the current scenario of seeking cancer screening services among women in India. These findings could inform policy analysis and make an avenue for further in-depth analysis for future studies. Our findings conclude that cancer prevention policies should focus on leveraging the positive effects of better socioeconomic status, employment, health insurance ownership, exposure to electronic media, and better healthcare autonomy to improve the cancer screening service uptake among Indian women.

Performance of a Full-Coverage Cervical Cancer Screening Program Using on an Artificial Intelligence– and Cloud-Based Diagnostic System: Observational Study of an Ultralarge Population

Background The World Health Organization has set a global strategy to eliminate cervical cancer, emphasizing the need for cervical cancer screening coverage to reach 70%. In response, China has developed an action plan to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer, with Hubei province implementing China’s first provincial full-coverage screening program using an artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud-based diagnostic system. Objective This study aimed to evaluate the performance of AI technology in this full-coverage screening program. The evaluation indicators included accessibility, screening efficiency, diagnostic quality, and program cost. Methods Characteristics of 1,704,461 individuals screened from July 2022 to January 2023 were used to analyze accessibility and AI screening efficiency. A random sample of 220 individuals was used for external diagnostic quality control. The costs of different participating screening institutions were assessed. Results Cervical cancer screening services were extended to all administrative districts, especially in rural areas. Rural women had the highest participation rate at 67.54% (1,147,839/1,699,591). Approximately 1.7 million individuals were screened, achieving a cumulative coverage of 13.45% in about 6 months. Full-coverage programs could be achieved by AI technology in approximately 1 year, which was 87.5 times more efficient than the manual reading of slides. The sample compliance rate was as high as 99.1%, and compliance rates for positive, negative, and pathology biopsy reviews exceeded 96%. The cost of this program was CN ¥49 (the average exchange rate in 2022 is as follows: US $1=CN ¥6.7261) per person, with the primary screening institution and the third-party testing institute receiving CN ¥19 and ¥27, respectively. Conclusions AI-assisted diagnosis has proven to be accessible, efficient, reliable, and low cost, which could support the implementation of full-coverage screening programs, especially in areas with insufficient health resources. AI technology served as a crucial tool for rapidly and effectively increasing screening coverage, which would accelerate the achievement of the World Health Organization’s goals of eliminating cervical cancer.

Factors Influencing Universal Coverage of AI-Assisted Cervical Cancer Screening: Qualitative Study Based on the Macro Model of Health System

Abstract Background Improving screening coverage is a central goal of the global strategy to eliminate cervical cancer. In resource-constrained settings, insufficient service accessibility remains a key barrier to expanding coverage. Supported by artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted diagnostic technology, Hubei province has pioneered China’s first provincial-level population-wide cervical cancer screening program, serving 12.67 million eligible women. This initiative provides an innovative practice for addressing such challenges. Objective This study systematically examines major factors influencing the achievement of universal screening coverage targets through interviews with core managers and implementers of Hubei province’s screening program. It aims to provide empirical evidence and strategic recommendations for applying AI technologies in cervical cancer screening and enhancing screening coverage rates. Methods The interview guide was developed under the guidance of the macro model of health system. A combination of purposive sampling and multistage stratified sampling was used to capture provincial-level overviews and understand regional implementation variations, respectively. Guided by the macro model of health system, interview outlines were developed. Semistructured interviews were conducted between January and August 2024 with key project personnel (one per institution) from 14 relevant institutions. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis, with systematic coding and management facilitated by the NVivo software. Results Key informants reported that comprehensive screening has been largely achieved. The analysis identified government stewardship, AI-assisted screening technology, screening funding, and health literacy as the major factors for achieving universal screening coverage. Among these, government leadership and the application of AI-assisted diagnostic technologies provide significant driving factors. Additional factors encompassed structural dimensions, including multisectoral coordination, trained screening technicians, and information systems; process dimensions, such as institutional service delivery capacity, quality control measures, and community mobilization; along with outcome dimensions comprising population coverage, cytology positivity rate, follow-up, and treatment rate. Conclusions Achieving large-scale cervical cancer screening requires coordinated efforts across four dimensions: government stewardship, screening technology, screening funding, and health literacy. Government stewardship served as the core driver in advancing population-wide screening coverage. Its mechanisms included coordinated procurement of AI-assisted screening services, secured financial investment, formulation of targeted policies, promotion of multi-sectoral collaboration, and optimization of service delivery models. These efforts systematically improved the accessibility and utilization of screening services, ultimately encouraging and facilitating active participation among residents.