Liang Cheng

Mixed germ cell-sex cord stromal tumour of the testis and ovary: comparison and contrast

Mixed germ cell-sex cord stromal tumours (MGC-SCSTs) of the testis and ovary differ significantly in their histological appearance, clinical behaviour, and molecular genetics. Until recently, the germ cells of testicular MGC-SCST were considered to be invariably histologically bland, whereas those from neoplasms that arise in the ovary have histological features characteristic of premalignancy. However, a recent histological and molecular genetic study demonstrated histological abnormalities and multiple chromosomal losses and gains in a small subset of testicular cases, thus providing the first evidence that testicular MGC-SCSTs can exceptionally show histological and molecular abnormalities. All cases of testicular MGC-SCST reported to date have been clinically benign, whereas ovarian examples are sometimes the precursor of a malignant germ cell neoplasm that can be clinically aggressive. Both genetic and epigenetic influences likely account for dissimilarities in these uncommon gonadal neoplasms.

Highly differentiated follicular thyroid-type carcinoma of the ovary reconsidered

Endometrial gastric (gastrointestinal)-type mucinous adenocarcinoma: Diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and molecular insights

Endometrial gastric (gastrointestinal)-type mucinous adenocarcinoma (EGMA) is a rare histologic subtype of endometrial carcinoma that is challenging to recognize as a distinct entity. Mucinous differentiation has been observed in endometrial carcinomas since the 1980s. However, the definitive characterization of endometrial carcinomas with mucinous differentiation has been unclear in the past. Since its formal inclusion in the latest 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Female Genital Tumors, and with increasing awareness of this rare entity, more case reports and studies on EGMAs have emerged in the recent years. Some studies sought to understand the expression of gastrointestinal immunohistochemical markers in neoplastic and/or normal endometrium, while others performed comprehensive clinicopathologic characterization of EGMAs, including their molecular characteristics. However, there still exist challenges in the diagnosis of EGMA, with considerable overlaps in morphologic features and immunohistochemical phenotype existing between EGMAs and the other differential diagnoses. This review sought to summarize the known clinical presentation, radiological findings and pathologic features of EGMA to date. We also discuss in detail the salient differential diagnoses to consider, and evaluate the utility of immunohistochemistry in the workup of this entity.

Gas-Amplified Metalloimmunotherapy with Dual Activation of Pyroptosis and the STING Pathway for Remodeling the Immunosuppressive Cervical Cancer Microenvironment

The immunosuppressive microenvironment of cervical cancer significantly hampers the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Herein, PEGylated manganese-doped calcium sulfide nanoparticles (MCSP) were developed to effectively enhance the antitumor immune response of the cervical cancer through gas-amplified metalloimmunotherapy with dual activation of pyroptosis and STING pathway. The bioactive MCSP exhibited the ability to rapidly release Ca